How to make foundation piles with your own hands from concrete and reinforcement, screw, wooden: materials and manufacturing instructions

Do-it-yourself pile foundation step-by-step instructions. DIY installation of bored piles

After marking the foundation, the stretched twine is dismantled and only the pegs are left in the places where the piles are arranged. The technology for creating supports is implemented in the following sequence:

Using a hand drill, wells for piles are developed. It makes sense to go through all the wells at once, so that in the future you can fill the supports with concrete in one go;
A cylinder equal to the diameter of the pile is formed from rolled roofing felt, which is fastened with tape. In this case, the cylinder acts as the pile formwork, so its height should be equal to the full length of the reinforced concrete structure (if necessary, protrude from the well). Once created, the formwork is placed inside the cavity;

Rice. 1.8: Formwork made of roofing felt for a bored pile

Reinforcing bars in the amount of 4-8 pieces are inserted into the wells (depending on the diameter of the pile). The rods are immersed in the ground so that the soil securely fixes them. The length of the reinforcement should be 30-40 cm greater than the length of the pile, protrusions are necessary for joining with the reinforcement frame of the grillage;
A concrete mixture is poured into the prepared wells (concrete grades M200 or M300 are used). You can prepare the mixture yourself using a concrete mixer or order ready-mixed concrete in the required quantity;

Rice. 1.9: Pouring bored piles with concrete

After pouring, the concrete is bayoneted with reinforcement, which is necessary to remove air cavities formed in it from the mixture.

Important: having formed the concrete body of the piles, you must wait 20-30 days before subsequent work, during which the structures gain standard strength.

How to make a drilled foundation

This type of foundation is constructed in several stages:

It is necessary to level the land . It should be as level as possible relative to the horizon line. In this case, the house will be located along a straight line.

Then you need to mark the installation locations of the piles. First of all, you should mark the corners of the building, and then the intermediate points. The step of each point should be about 1.2 - 1.5 meters.

When the land plot is marked and the places for the piles are visible and determined, you need to drill holes for the piles using specialized equipment. As a rule, the width of the piles is 30 – 40 cm . Therefore, in order to perform accurate and accurate work, it is better to involve equipment. But if you need to save money, you can dig holes yourself.

Obviously, if done manually, the diameter will be greater than 40 cm. But after installing the piles, the remaining free spaces along the edges can simply be filled with soil. If the basic technological conditions are observed, the quality of the foundation will not suffer in any way.

After which, it is necessary to place the piles themselves in the pits. They will serve as the base and frame for the foundation. Their main purpose is to penetrate to the non-freezing layer of solid soil and fix it in it. In this way, the required strength of the structure will be achieved.

When the piles are placed in the appropriate pits, their cavities are filled with cement mortar. It is best to use high-grade ready-mixed concrete. Indeed, under conditions of immersion in soil, the pile and concrete will be constantly exposed to moisture and mildly aggressive environments. Therefore, if the concrete is of low grades, and this is M150, M200, then it can collapse quite quickly. And this will entail a violation of the stability of the main structure of the house. Its walls may begin to crack, and the geometry of the structure may change.

Since the main component of concrete is cement , you can save on pouring piles without losing the quality of work. Instead of ordering concrete, you can mix the solution yourself and use broken bricks rather than expensive crushed stone. This will significantly reduce the cost of constructing a drilled foundation.

The piles are connected to each other using a low grillage. Its height can reach 70 cm. As a rule, it is made of brick. It is not him who erects the structure. In addition, the grillage essentially acts as a plinth and prevents the floor from freezing and warm air being blown out by drafts.

Pile foundation for a private house. No. 6. Pile foundation for a private house

A pile foundation consists of a system of piles, long pointed posts that are driven or screwed into the ground directly or at an angle. The large length of such elements allows them to be used in areas with weak and loose soil, because they are installed at such a depth as to rest on stronger and denser layers of soil that do not freeze in winter. This principle allows the use of pile foundations even in the most difficult conditions. The piles are connected on top with a concrete slab or beam - grillage. This type of foundation is used for the construction of wooden, frame, panel and other lightweight houses, as well as fences on swampy and peaty soils.

Piles can be made of the following materials:

tree. They are used to support light wooden houses, made from pine processed using special technology;
reinforced concrete is the most durable material that is suitable for the construction of more or less heavy structures;
the metal also has high strength characteristics and is not inferior to reinforced concrete;
combined piles, usually combining metal and concrete - such strong foundations are suitable even for the most difficult swampy soils.
Read also: What kind of timber to build a house and bathhouse from?

According to the installation technology, piles are:

driven piles are, as a rule, reinforced concrete piles with a pointed end, which are driven into the ground using special impact installations. Not suitable if there are buildings nearby, as the shock wave can damage them;
drilled ones involve preparing a well, arranging a frame of reinforcement in it and filling it with concrete;
screw piles are hollow metal rods with blades at one end; they can be installed manually or screwed in with specialized equipment. Suitable for soils of any density;
pressed piles are installed with special hydraulic pumps; they are rarely used in private construction, since neighboring buildings can be deformed by the shock wave.

Among the main advantages of a pile foundation:

possibility of installation on any type of soil, no dependence on groundwater level;
reducing the amount of concrete consumed;
reducing the amount of excavation work;
relative speed of installation.

Flaws :

the need to use specialized equipment for transporting and installing piles;
relatively high cost.

Do-it-yourself poured piles. What is a pile foundation, design features

A pile foundation is a foundation made of rigid piles immersed in the ground, which are placed along the perimeter of the structure of the future building. These same piles come in various types, they are classified according to many criteria:

according to the method of deepening the support;
by the method of impact on the soil;
by material;
by section type, etc.

It is worth clarifying that this type of foundation is most often used during construction in difficult areas where heaving soil prevails. The pile itself is a rod, the upper part of which is called the head, and the lower part is called the sole. The sole itself can be widened or pointed; it can also be purchased either ready-made or made independently at the workplace. The table shows the main types of piles, according to the method of deepening the support.

Classification of piles according to the method of immersion in the ground
Hammered look	To place the support in the ground, special vibratory hammers, etc. are used.
Printed look	The principle of operation is to drill wells and use concrete pouring.
Drilling view	Ready-made structures are installed in drilled wells.
Screw view	Piles are installed manually due to their drill-like shape.

Regarding the method of impact on the ground, hanging and pile-racks are distinguished. The first type involves the distribution of loads that appear as a result of friction of the earth against the sides of the support. The second transfers the load to a durable layer of earth; it is not characterized by settlement.

As for the division of piles into types relative to material, here we distinguish:

reinforced concrete;
wooden;
steel piles.

Reinforced concrete supports are durable, steel supports are expensive, and wooden ones are cheap.

Pile foundations come in the following types: field, strip, single and cluster. Single piles are distinguished by the simplicity of the installation process; they are used as supports when constructing a porch, etc. For the construction of frame structures, the strip type is used; it is economical and reliable. Cluster piles are used on large, large-scale construction sites with increased load on the land area. Field piles are usually placed at even intervals. Multi-storey buildings are being erected on them. The choice of one type or another depends on the climatic characteristics of the territory, the topography of the land plot, and the technical characteristics of the planned building.

A number of advantages of using a pile foundation with a grillage include:

minimizing financial costs for construction;
reduced construction time for the foundation of the building;
make it possible to avoid wet work when installing cast-in-place and screw piles;
the ability to carry out construction work at any time of the year;
minimal harm to the environment;
installation work regarding the grillage does not cause harm to nearby buildings;
on properly selected soil, the service life of such a foundation is more than 100 years;
Pile foundation designs are famous for their reliability and durability.

What pile structures can you make yourself?

For private housing construction, technologies for laying a power structure without the use of complex special equipment are being considered. In this case, technologies that involve installing bored piles and screwing in metal rods are suitable.

Installation of bored supports takes place in pre-prepared wells . In this case, the load-bearing elements can be concrete or reinforced with a reinforcement cage.

The service life and load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures exceed those for concrete piles by 40–50%. Thus, a reinforced concrete foundation can last up to 100 years and is suitable for the construction of low-rise residential buildings, while concrete products are used for lightweight buildings of II and III degrees of responsibility.

Do-it-yourself formwork for a pile foundation. Execution technology

They carry out a project containing calculations of the number, depth and diameter of piles. They mark the site: determine the axes of the future building, select the first corner and hammer a metal rod into it. A string is tied to the rod, and using a protractor, two adjacent walls are laid out perpendicularly. Having measured the outer distance, mark the second and third corners, and using string and a protractor, determine and mark the fourth corner. Along the trajectory of the walls at the calculated distance, the places for drilling wells are marked.

Future foundation project

Using special equipment or a hand drill, wells are made; their depth and diameter are determined by calculation. In this case, to make a more durable foundation, a drill is used, which has a plow at the end and allows the base of the wells to be expanded to form an expansion of the support. When drilling manually, use a level attached to the drill - check the position of the drill after each revolution and, if necessary, level it.

The process of manually drilling a well for a foundation

If the soil crumbles during drilling, formwork is performed. The simplest method, which also provides waterproofing, is roofing material rolled along the diameter of the well. The formwork can also be made from narrow boards or cement pipes.

The process of creating formwork from cement pipes

The piles are reinforced using vertical bars of the design cross-section. The rods must be connected at some distance from each other using transverse rods, tying them with wire. If it is planned to lay grillages, the reinforcement is brought to the height of the grillage for better connection of the structures.

Foundation reinforcement process

The prepared well with formwork and reinforcement is filled with concrete of a grade of at least 200; what grade of concrete is needed for the foundation can be found on the website. To remove voids, the reinforcement is lifted several times inside the well. If a technology with expansion of the base of the piles is used, then the formwork after pouring the first portion of concrete must be raised by 20-30 cm, which will allow the concrete to fill the base of the pile.

Bored foundation pile filled with concrete

Further construction with this foundation technology can begin in a few days. Piles must be waterproofed with roofing felt or bitumen mastics to avoid destruction of the foundation.

Also, in addition to the above, read about do-it-yourself foundation insulation.

Pile foundation pros and cons. Pile foundation: pros and cons of a foundation on piles

Pile foundation: the pros and cons of a foundation on piles Pile foundation: the pros and cons of a foundation on piles A pile foundation is a group of piles buried in the ground and united by a grillage. This design optimally distributes the load and avoids the main problems - cracking and uneven shrinkage of the base. When constructing private houses, various types of pile foundations are used, they are especially relevant in regions with mobile or complex soils.

A pile foundation is a group of piles buried in the ground and united by a grillage. This design optimally distributes the load and avoids the main problems - cracking and uneven shrinkage of the base. When constructing private houses, various types of pile foundations are used, they are especially relevant in regions with mobile or complex soils.

Main classification

There are several classifications of pile foundations, but the most commonly used classification is based on the degree of depth:

Low grillage. It is laid deeper than the freezing zone, reduces the negative impact of heaving soil, and transfers vertical pressure to the base of the building.
High grillage. Located above the surface of the earth. Such a pile-grillage foundation is in demand in the construction of houses with basements, as well as in the construction of bridge supports.
Intermediate grillage. It lies on the surface of the earth and is not buried. Suitable for areas with calm soils.

When selecting the optimal type of foundation, the composition and depth of soil freezing must be taken into account. Measuring the latter indicator is quite difficult, since it can differ even within the same area. Dense and wet soils freeze more strongly, which is reflected in the depth of the foundation. Seasonal characteristics also play an important role: in winter, almost all types of soil swell.

Types of piles

The foundations of a pile foundation are made of various materials: wood, reinforced concrete, metal in pure or combined form. According to localization, single and strip piles, pile bushes and fields are distinguished. The latter are used in the construction of multi-story and tower structures.

According to the installation method, piles are divided into several types:

pressed ones are buried in the ground using hydraulic pumps;
poured ones are made on site (concrete is poured into pre-drilled wells);
driven ones are literally driven in with hydraulic hammers, are used in the construction of heavy buildings on problematic soils, and have practically no analogues in strength and reliability;
screws are screwed into the ground like screws by hand or machine, suitable for the construction of light wooden or frame houses.

Depending on what elements were used, the foundation is called pile-tape, pile-driven, pile-grillage or pile-screw. Each type has its own characteristics, but the advantages and disadvantages are the same for the entire group.

Advantages of a pile foundation

High resistance to multidirectional loads: longitudinal, transverse and combined.
Chemical inertness, stability on chemically active soils - this advantage applies only to concrete.
Durability and high safety margin - if necessary, you can increase the number of storeys of the finished house.
Reduced construction time - when using factory blanks, the amount of “wet” work is minimal.
Versatility - the pile foundation is suitable for swampy and peaty soils, coastal zones and regions with a large depth of soil freezing.

Disadvantages of a pile foundation

It is necessary to use expensive large-sized equipment that requires a large area for maneuvers. Its use is not possible on all land plots.
There is a danger of destruction of neighboring buildings, especially if powerful hammers are used during installation. This technique causes strong longitudinal vibrations in the soil.
The complexity of some engineering solutions, requiring precise calculations.
Mandatory geological surveys. When constructing pile foundations on horizontally moving soils, the piles may shift when the soil heaves in winter.

What determines the choice of foundation type?

When choosing the type of foundation - any, not just pile - it is necessary to take into account a number of factors:

presence and level of groundwater on the site;
type of soil, its condition and freezing depth;
planned load from the building;
the presence of a basement and underground communications under the house;
building materials used;
estimated service life of the building.

Classification of pillars

The technology for constructing a pile foundation includes various methods of laying supporting products. All the nuances of construction are regulated by generally accepted standards set out in SNiP 2.02.03-85 and SP 24.13330.2011.

According to the method of installation in soil

According to the installation method, piles are divided into the following types:

Bored - concrete and reinforced concrete supports manufactured directly at the construction site.
Buroinjection – concrete structures with and without reinforcement. The technology involves feeding the solution into pre-prepared pits under pressure. In this case, concrete fills not only the well, but also the voids in the soil around the power element.
Drivers are factory products that are driven into the soil due to the impact force created by special equipment. Based on the material used, they are divided into reinforced concrete, metal and wood.
Pressable - sectional components that are immersed in the ground due to the applied force. Unlike the previous type of piles, the implementation of this technology does not create vibration loads on the ground.
Screw-in - metal or reinforced concrete rods equipped with a screw part for ease of installation and additional compaction of the soil under the supporting base area.

By type of support on the bearing layer

Regarding the nature of interaction with the soil, power elements are divided into the following types:

Hanging supports - rest on compressible soils, with the load transmitted through the tip (30% of the weight) and the side surfaces (70% of the weight).
Racks - rest on a solid base, transferring the weight of the structure through a point at the end or an extended heel.

According to reinforcement option

Based on this feature, the following types of supports are distinguished:

with longitudinal reinforcement - piles are used for construction in medium-density soil (loam, clay, sandy loam, etc.);
with longitudinal-transverse reinforcement – characterized by high resistance to tensile and bending forces;
using pre-stressing technology – they are characterized by maximum density and strength of the material.

According to sectional shape

Regarding the cross-section geometry, supporting elements are classified into types:

With a round cross-section: tubular products Ø400–800mm and shells Ø 1–3 m.
With a solid square section from 150x150 to 400x400 mm.
With a hollow square section: external Ø from 250x2500 to 400x40 mm0, cavity Ø 175–275mm.
With a rectangular section (200x400, 200x450, 200x500 mm).

By design

Based on this criterion, supporting elements are classified into types:

solid;
composite - sections are arranged in the ground one by one.

According to heel geometry

The lower end of the pile can be:

in the form of a pyramid - the sharp end of the dough rests on dense rocks;
blunt - in most cases used for hanging posts;
with an expanding heel - used with minimal contact of the lateral area of the pile with the soil.

This is a pile foundation. What is a pile foundation

A pile foundation is a set of piles that are interconnected by a grillage.

Piles are long elements that are buried in the ground in an inclined or, more often, vertical position. Such structures can be made from different materials. For example, it could be wood, steel, reinforced concrete products, etc. Piles are similar in shape to pillars, but their ends are tapered. These ends of the piles are screwed into the soil, pressed or driven in.

According to the snip, pile foundations must be installed in those areas where the greatest load is expected. In addition, they must be located in those places where the main load-bearing walls will be located. Depending on what loads will be provided, it is possible to use single and cluster types of piles. Cluster designs assume that the structure will consist of several elements that are arranged in groups. In the single type, they are located under different supports.

The grillage itself connects different piles into a single system. Often this is a slab of concrete or reinforced concrete. It is placed on top of the pillars. It is these slabs that become the load-bearing element. Thanks to them, the load transfers from above-ground elements to pillars.

Where can you use a foundation on piles? Basically, such structures are used in cases where the upper part of the soil is too weak. Because of this, it is necessary to transfer the total load from the top layer to denser layers that lie deeper.

Nowadays in construction the foundation-pile option is considered very popular. This is explained by the fact that the load-bearing properties are quite high. In addition, the device will be cheaper, since excavation work will only be available on a small scale.

This type of foundation is especially suitable for frame, panel or wooden premises. You can resort to a similar option when building fences, baths, verandas, gazebos and other buildings.

Do-it-yourself pile foundation with grillage. Calculation of reinforced concrete monolithic grillage

The purpose of calculating a monolithic pile foundation grillage is to calculate the punching capacity of the structure, its ability to withstand bending loads and determine the strength of the section when exposed to shear forces. The calculation process is described in detail in SNiP 3.03.01-87, SP “Design and installation of pile foundations” and GOST R 52086-2003. In the field of private housing construction, it is not advisable to make these complex calculations. It is enough to determine the main dimensions of the piping for the pile foundation:

Grillage depth

The depth of the foundation directly depends on what type of foundation was chosen. Let us recall that, relative to the ground level, a pile-grillage foundation can be suspended, elevated, shallow and deeply buried. The pile part of the combined pile-grillage foundation is laid at least to the depth of soil freezing. The optimal depth for laying the grillage is 10-30 cm below the zero level. The heavier the mass of the house, the deeper the grillage should be buried.

If the grillage is not deep enough, the foundation may shrink, which will lead to the disappearance of the air gap between the soil and the monolithic strip.

Width of pile foundation grillage

The width of the monolithic strapping tape is determined by the formula:

B = M/L*R

where: B is the width of the tape; M - mass of the house (materials + loads); L is the length of the grillage; R is the soil bearing capacity coefficient, determined from the tables in SNiP.

The length of the grillage is the sum of the perimeter of the foundation and load-bearing walls. The formula is suitable for calculating the width of an elevated and recessed base. Another way to calculate the width of the strapping tape without using a formula: the width is equal to the diameter of the piles used plus 25-35 cm. The width of the hanging grillage is determined through complex calculations that can be made using special engineering programs.

Height of the pile foundation grillage

The height depends on the type of building material from which the house will be built. For aerated concrete, a height of 40 cm is sufficient, for silicate blocks - 50 cm, for heavier materials - 60 cm. Relative to the width, the height of the grillage should be 90-110%.

If the grillage will also serve as the base of the house, then it should be made higher - 50-60 cm. This is necessary for the installation of vents, which are located at a height of 30-40 cm from the zero mark.

An example of calculating a grillage for a pile foundation: a house is being built from aerated concrete with a length of load-bearing walls of 100 m on dense sand using screw supports with a diameter of 108 mm. The weight of the house is 55 tons. The depth of the grillage, taking into account the weight of the structure, is taken to be 0.2 m. We calculate the width: B = 55 t/100 m * 75. The width is 41 cm (according to another calculation, 10.8 cm + 30 cm = 40, 8 cm). The height of the grillage will be 40 cm, of which 20 cm will be buried underground.

Manufacturing instructions

Rules for making a pile with your own hands.

Bored

To lay bored support elements, you will need to calculate in advance the need for the bearing capacity of the foundation. Formulas for calculations, as well as recommendations for the selection of building materials are described in detail in the previously mentioned SNiP and SP.

The data obtained will allow you to determine the required dimensions:

hole diameter,
well depth,
as well as the need for reinforcement and construction of a sand cushion.

Materials and equipment that will be needed for construction:

concrete M200–M300;
medium sand;
sheet roofing felt;
A3 class fittings (if necessary);
hammer, shovel, grinder;
welding machine;
water and electricity supply.

Key technological stages of full-scale construction:

Cleaning the site from construction and other debris.
Marking the field according to the plan, designating places for future supports.
Drilling wells to a certain depth.
Place a compacted sand cushion at the bottom of the pit with a height of 20 cm.
Laying a casing pipe made of roofing material, which will also serve as a waterproofing layer.
Installation of the reinforcing frame and its arrangement in the well.
Preparing the solution and pouring it into the pits.
After the concrete has hardened, trim the supporting elements at the same level horizontally, leaving protrusions of the reinforcement.

For structures with low load-bearing capacity and non-heaving soils, steps with reinforcement and installation of a sand embankment under the supporting area are skipped. At this point, the production of bored piles is considered complete.

Do-it-yourself bored piles, video instructions:

Screw

To make screw piles with your own hands, the designer will need the following materials:

steel pipe of the required cross-section and wall thickness;
sheet metal (no thinner than 5–6 mm);
grinder, welding machine;
waterproofing material.

Manufacturing stages:

Cutting pipes to the required length.
Manufacture of the tip by cast or welded method.
Cutting out the blades, giving the screw part the desired configuration.
Welding the spiral to the pipe.
Making technological holes at the upper end of the pipe.
Cleaning welds.
Coating the metal with a layer of waterproofing material.

Finished products can be immediately used in construction, but it is impossible to reliably calculate the load-bearing capacity of such load-bearing elements.

How to make screw piles with your own hands, video instructions:

Wooden hammers

Wooden driven posts are made only from hardwood , and the diameter of the post must be at least 180 mm. The workpieces are cleared of twigs and branches, and the end is given a pointed shape so that the product can more easily overcome soil resistance.

The sharp part is covered with sheet material to protect the pile from damage when driving. A steel ring is placed on the top of the support to prevent cracking of the wood from hammer blows.